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Chapters

0:00 Introduction
1:13 Causes of Fungal nail infection
2:37 Symptoms of Fungal nail infection
3:03 Diagnosis of Fungal nail infection
3:36 Treatment of Fungal nail infection

Fungal nail infection is an infection caused by fungal invasion of the nail structure.
• Fungal nail infections are the most common disease of the nail, making up about 50% of nail abnormalities
• Damage to the nail structure can affect the growth, shape, size of the nail
• Fungal nail infections can affect both the fingernails and the toenails, but the toenails are more susceptible to an infection because the toe has less blood flow than the fingers, making it harder for the body to pick up on and prevent infection. The toenails are also more commonly affected because fungus thrives in dark, warm places.
• Fungal nail infections can develop in people of any age but it is more prevalent in older adults. As the nails age, it can become brittle, dry, and crack, allowing fungi to enter.
• In severe cases, fungal nail infection can cause permanent damage to the nails and may lead to other serious infections that spread beyond the feet, this is usually common in people with a suppressed immune system due to medication, diabetes or other conditions
CAUSES
Fungal nail infections are caused by various fungi.
The most common cases are caused by a group of fungi called dermatophytes (making up around 85-90% of all cases), such as Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton violaceum and Trichophyton rubrum (the most common dermatophytes that cause fungal nail infection). Dermatophytes are highly resistant and can survive for long periods in dark and warm environments.
Some yeasts and molds also cause these infections; they include:
Molds – Aspergillus, neoscytalidium, Scopulariopsis, and Acremonium species.
Yeasts – candida species which is responsible for 5-10% of fungal nail infection. This affects fingernails more than toenails.
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Part 1 of a lecture on the five categories of mycoses.
***Note to my students – Sorry! I only mentioned one of the two criteria for classifying mycoses. They are: 1. Mode of transmission and 2. Level of tissue infected.

Part 1 covers an introduction to the section and superficial mycoses. This video is the property of Lisa Shimeld. All rights reserved. 2015

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Ebola virus disease (EVD), also known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) or simply Ebola, is a viral hemorrhagic fever of humans and other primates caused by ebolaviruses.Signs and symptoms typically start between two days and three weeks after contracting the virus with a fever, sore throat, muscular pain, and headaches. Vomiting, diarrhea and rash usually follow, along with decreased function of the liver and kidneys. At this time, some people begin to bleed both internally and externally.The disease has a high risk of death, killing 25% to 90% of those infected, with an average of about 50%. This is often due to low blood pressure from fluid loss, and typically follows 6 to 16 days after symptoms appear.

The virus spreads through direct contact with body fluids, such as blood from infected humans or other animals. Spread may also occur from contact with items recently contaminated with bodily fluids.Spread of the disease through the air between primates, including humans, has not been documented in either laboratory or natural conditions. Semen or breast milk of a person after recovery from EVD may carry the virus for several weeks to months.Fruit bats are believed to be the normal carrier in nature, able to spread the virus without being affected by it.Other diseases such as malaria, cholera, typhoid fever, meningitis and other viral hemorrhagic fevers may resemble EVD. Blood samples are tested for viral RNA, viral antibodies or for the virus itself to confirm the diagnosis.

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